Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism: Avoiding Common Pitfalls
Plagiarism remains the most frequently encountered issue in academic publishing, and it is a grave violation of research ethics. Fundamentally, it is the act of using another person's work, ideas, or words without proper attribution. However, researchers must also be vigilant about self-plagiarism.
Defining Plagiarism
Plagiarism occurs when a text, image, data, or idea is presented as one's own original work when it originated elsewhere. Even minor borrowing without citation constitutes plagiarism.
The core principle is: If it is not common knowledge, and it is not your original idea or data, you must cite the source.
Understanding Self-Plagiarism (Text Recycling)
Self-plagiarism, or "text recycling," refers to reusing large segments of text, data, or analysis from your own previously published work without explicit citation and, often, without permission from the original publisher (who may own the copyright).
While reusing your own methods section might seem innocuous, journal editors view it as unethical for several reasons:
Inflation of Publication Record: It creates the illusion of more new research than actually exists.
Copyright Violation: If the copyright of the previous work was transferred to the journal, reusing the text without permission is technically a copyright breach.
Redundancy: It consumes space that could be used for new information.
How to Avoid Self-Plagiarism:
Cite Yourself: If you must rephrase a previous finding or refer to a prior methodology, cite the original publication.
Use Quotes Sparingly: If quoting your own work, keep the quotation brief and cite it correctly.
Gain Permission: If reusing large sections (e.g., figures or tables) that were copyrighted by a previous publisher, you must obtain formal permission.
Write Fresh: The best practice is always to write new material for the current publication.
Tools for Integrity
Most major journals use software like Turnitin or iThenticate to screen manuscripts. If a manuscript shows a high percentage of similarity (typically above 15–20% depending on the institution/journal), it will be flagged for rejection and investigation. Always check your own manuscript before submission.